Improving Teacher Determinants through Work Discipline Moderated by Leadership: An Empirical Study
Purpose: This study aims to examine the influence of competency, training, awareness, and work environment on work discipline, and how these factors, along with work discipline and leadership, affect teacher performance. Additionally, the study explores the role of leadership as a moderating variable in the relationship between work discipline and teacher performance at Islamic private schools in East Java.
Research Methodology: A quantitative research design was employed, using statistical analysis with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Data were collected through questionnaires from 190 respondents selected from a population of 321 permanent teachers in private Islamic schools certified under ISO 9001.
Results: The results indicate that competency, awareness, and work environment have a significant positive effect on work discipline, which, in turn, positively impacts teacher performance. Leadership was found to significantly moderate the relationship between work discipline and teacher performance, enhancing the positive effect of work discipline.
Conclusions: Improving teacher performance can be achieved by enhancing competency, awareness, and work environment, with leadership playing a key role in strengthening the impact of work discipline on performance. Leadership is crucial in fostering an environment that supports teacher productivity and educational quality.
Limitations: The study is limited by its focus on private Islamic schools in East Java with ISO 9001 certification, which may limit the generalizability of the findings. Future research should consider a broader sample and explore additional factors, such as motivation and remuneration, that may influence teacher performance.
Contributions: This study contributes to the field of education management by providing insights into how various factors, such as competency and leadership, influence teacher performance. It also highlights the importance of leadership in moderating the relationship between work discipline and teacher performance, offering valuable implications for school management.
- Aden, A., Martono, M., & Wahyudin, A. (2022). The role of job satisfaction in moderating the influence of intrinsic motivation, work environment and transformational leadership on teacher performance. Journal of Economic Education, 11(2), 360–366.
- Albuni, H., Aslamiah, A. M. R., & Rizalie, A. M. (2022). The effect of transformational leadership of the principal, work motivation and work discipline on teacher performance. International Journal of Social Science and Human Research, 5(06), 2370–2375. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v5-i6-62
- Amini, A., Marliani, M., Elfrianto, E., & Kemal, I. (2022). Work motivation and work discipline on teachers’ performance in state vocational schools. Al-Ishlah: Jurnal Pendidikan, 14(2), 2271–2280. https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v14i2.1467
- Andrianto, S., Komardi, D., & Priyono, P. (2023). Leadership, work motivation, and work discipline on job satisfaction and teacher performance of Dharma Loka Elementary School Pekanbaru. Journal of Applied Business and Technology, 4(1), 30–38. https://doi.org/10.35145/jabt.v4i1.117
- Atika, O., Junaedi, A. T., Purwati, A. A., & Mustafa, Z. (2022). Work discipline, leadership, and job satisfaction on organizational commitment and teacher performance of state junior high school in Bangko District, Rokan Hilir Regency. Journal of Applied Business and Technology, 3(3), 251–262. https://doi.org/10.35145/jabt.v3i3.109
- Badrun, B., Mustahiqurrahman, M., Indra, I. M., Fakhrurrazi, F., & Akbar, M. A. (2022). The influence of principal’s leadership style on teacher performance. Jurnal At-Tarbiyat: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 5(1).
- Bukhari, S. G. A. S., Jamali, S. G., Larik, A. R., & Chang, M. S. (2023). Fostering intrinsic motivation among teachers: Importance of work environment and individual differences. International Journal of School & Educational Psychology, 11(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683603.2021.1925182
- Fadlianto, A., & Sulistyowati, N. (2022). Analyzing the effect of e-farming implementation on supply chain performance in sugarcane plantations. Journal of Economics, Management, Entrepreneurship, and Business, 2(2), 91–106. https://doi.org/10.52909/jemeb.v2i2.84
- Fahmi, P., Saluy, A. B., Safitri, E., Rivaldo, Y., & Endri, E. (2022). Work stress mediates motivation and discipline on teacher performance: Evidence work from home policy. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 12(3), 80–80. https://doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2022-0068
- Hair, J., & Alamer, A. (2022). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) in second language and education research: Guidelines using an applied example. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, 1(3), 100027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmal.2022.100027
- Hakim, A. L., Faizah, E. N., & Nujulah, F. (2021). The effect of work motivation and work discipline on employee performance. Sinergi: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Manajemen, 11(2), 34–42. https://doi.org/10.25139/sng.v11i2.4158
- Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
- Hidayat, R., Widiyanti, M., Yusuf, M., & Hadjri, M. I. (2024). The influence of work motivation and leadership style on employee discipline in the environmental management and mining support unit. Journal La Bisecoman, 5(4), 443–455. https://doi.org/10.37899/journallabisecoman.v5i4.1155
- Istiqomah, I., Karnati, N., & Rugaiyah, R. (2025). The effect of distributed leadership, school climate, and work motivation on teacher’s job satisfaction at senior high school. Journal of Posthumanism, 5(4), 1331–1343. https://doi.org/10.63332/joph.v5i4.1248
- umar, D., & Hossain, Z. (2017). Impact of extrinsic and intrinsic factors on teachers’ motivation. Australasian Journal of Business, Social Science and Information Technology, 3(1), 19–27.
- Kurniawan, R., & Hariadi, A. (2022). Improving the performance of oil palm NPK fertilization using risk management and analytic hierarchy process. Journal of Economics, Management, Entrepreneurship, and Business, 2(2), 107–126. https://doi.org/10.52909/jemeb.v2i2.85
- Lasminto, L., Khoiri, N., & Ariyanto, L. (2025). Understanding teacher work discipline through instructional leadership and work motivation: An Indonesian elementary school perspective. Journal of Innovation and Research in Primary Education, 4(4), 4065–4080. https://doi.org/10.56916/jirpe.v4i4.2637
- Layek, D., & Koodamara, N. K. (2024). Motivation, work experience, and teacher performance: A comparative study. Acta Psychologica, 245, 104217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104217
- Naimar, N., Herispon, H., & Dzikra, F. M. (2024). The impact of work discipline and leadership on teacher performance. International Journal of Islamic Business and Management Review, 4(1), 13–23. https://doi.org/10.55057/ajrbm.2024.6.1.9
- Nasution, M. I., & Priangkatara, N. (2022). Work discipline and work motivation on employee performance. International Journal of Economics, Social Science, Entrepreneurship and Technology (IJESET), 1(1), 50–64. https://doi.org/10.55983/ijeset.v1i1.27
- Nurani, R. T., & Sarino, A. (2017). Peran kepemimpinan kepala sekolah dan motivasi kerja dalam meningkatkan kinerja guru sekolah menengah kejuruan. Jurnal Pendidikan Manajemen Perkantoran, 2(1), 298. https://doi.org/10.17509/jpm.v2i1.14613
- Octoviani, E., Ahmad, S., & Kesumawati, N. (2022). The effect of school environment and extrinsic motivation on teacher performance. Journal of Social Work and Science Education, 3(1), 8–17. https://doi.org/10.52690/jswse.v3i1.261
- Oentari, R. D., & Asmawan, M. C. (2023). The influence of the principal’s leadership, teacher work discipline, and teacher work motivation on teacher performance at state senior high school Karangpandan. In 2nd International Conference on Education Innovation and Social Science (ICEISS 2023), 296–305. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-190-6_25
- Panjaitan, D. S., Butar, D. F. F. D. B., & Nasution, H. C. (2025). The influence of work discipline and training on teacher performance at public elementary school 064983 Medan. Journal of Foundational Learning and Child Development, 1(02), 90–96.
- Permana, I. A., & Sudrajat, J. (2022). Pengelolaan manajemen dalam upaya meningkatkan kualitas mutu pendidikan. JIIP - Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan, 5(5), 1479–1487. https://doi.org/10.54371/jiip.v5i5.590
- Ristam, R. J., & Purnomo, B. R. (2024). The role of social services, women’s empowerment and child protection in improving the economic level of families with disabilities in Mojokerto City. Jurnal Bisnis, Ekonomi, Manajemen, Dan Kewirausahaan, 4(2), 76–82. https://doi.org/10.52909/jbemk.v4i2.188
- Rosyidi, A. Z., & Suyanto. (2024). The effect of training and career development on employee performance with employee engagement as an intervening variable. Jurnal Bisnis, Ekonomi, Manajemen, Dan Kewirausahaan, 4(1), 217–224. https://doi.org/10.52909/jbemk.v4i2.168
- Sitopu, Y. B., Sitinjak, K. A., & Marpaung, F. K. (2021). The influence of motivation, work discipline, and compensation on employee performance. Golden Ratio of Human Resource Management, 1(2), 72–83. https://doi.org/10.52970/grhrm.v1i2.79
- Subekti, S., Handayati, N., Suyanto, S., & Cahyono, D. (2024). Consumer legal protection in landed house sale and purchase transactions: Legal study between consumers and developers. Jurnal Bisnis, Ekonomi, Manajemen, Dan Kewirausahaan, 4(2), 65–69. https://doi.org/10.52909/jbemk.v4i2.190
- Syafitri, I. R., Hendra, T., & Gistituati, N. (2022). The influence of principal leadership and teacher discipline on teacher performance. Al-Fikrah: Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan, 10(1), 27–32. https://doi.org/10.31958/jaf.v10i1.6007
- Zulaida, C. P., & Parwoto, P. (2023). The influence of work discipline, work environment and organizational culture on teacher performance at SMP Negeri 252 Jakarta with work motivation as a mediating variable. Journal of Social Research, 2(4), 1342–1354. https://doi.org/10.55324/josr.v2i4.806
- Zulfiter, Z., Fitria, H., & Nurkhalis, N. (2023). Leadership and motivation as determinants of teacher performance: Evidence from Indonesian junior secondary schools. ISEJ: Indonesian Science Education Journal, 4(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.62159/isej.v4i1.142
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.